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Issue 12 | Dec 1965 | pp. 987-1100

Issue 11 | Nov 1965 | pp. 879-986

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Select this Article		Pedestrian Covariant Phase-Space Integration W. Williamson, Jr. American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 987 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Two- and three-body Lorentz invariant phase-space volumes are given in terms of covariant variables. Examples in the use of covariant variables for two- and three-body final-state problems are given and methods which may reduce the labor in the analytic integrations for involved problems are discussed. In the Appendix of this paper four-body phase-space procedures are summarized.

Select this Article		Energy Conservation as the Basis of Relativistic Mechanics. II J. Ehlers, W. Rindler, and R. Penrose American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 995 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract From the relativity principle and the conservation of energy in particle collisions we deduce the form of the energy function, and the conservation of inertial mass and three-momentum. We show that the arguments are parallel under Einsteinian and Galilean kinematics.

Select this Article		Books Most Often Recommended by Textbook Writers Robert A. Lufburrow American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 998 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Sixteen books are identified as those most often recommended as supplementary reading in introductory physics textbooks.

Select this Article		Cherenkov Radiation, “Physical” and “Unphysical,” and its Relation to Radiation from an Accelerated Electron J. D. Lawson American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1002 \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The δ-function of current which represents an electron traveling in a straight line is Fourier analyzed into a spectrum of infinite linear harmonic currents, having spectral distributions both in frequency and phase velocity. The radiation (and induction) fields associated with these currents are associated either with Cherenkov radiation or with acceleration or deceleration radiation (“bremsstrahlung” in the literal sense) according to whether the velocity of the electron exceeds or is less than that of light in the medium. The analysis of the two situations is identical; indeed, the two types of radiation cannot, in general, be sharply distinguished.

Select this Article		Relativistic Rigid Bodies and the Uncertainty Principle Robert R. Hart American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1006 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Special relativity excludes the existence of rigid bodies, since such bodies can be used to transmit signals instantaneously. It is pointed out that the uncertainty principle requires that a force of order hc∕l² must be available if a rigid body of length l is to be used to produce such a violation of relativistic causality; a condition which is particularly stringent in the domain of elementary particles. Thus, where a force of this magnitude is not available, the treatment of bodies of length l as rigid may be valid.

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BROWSE VOLUMES

Dec 1965

Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 987-1100

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Select this Article		Bunsen Ice Calorimeter Marshall Helms and Robert L. Dough, Editor American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. xi Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Laboratory Experiments in Nuclear Physics Arthur W. Waltner and Robert L. Dough, Editor American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. xii Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Thermometer Adapter Roger D. Stuck and Robert L. Dough, Editor American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. xii Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		An Elementary Approach to Sublimation of a Multicomponent Solid H. J. Caulfield American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1008 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A simple discussion of the pressure-temperature relation during sublimation of a multi-component solid is presented. The assumptions and limitations are shown explicitly, and experimental verification of the applicability of this analysis is discussed.

Select this Article		Locations of Neutron Single Particle States Bernard L. Cohen American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1011 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The meaning and importance of single particle (SP) states in nuclear shell theory is outlined, and the method of determining them from studies of deuteron stripping reactions is described. The results on locations of SP states are summarized and analyzed to obtain information on the shell theory potential. The depth of this potential is found to have a symmetry energy dependence somewhat weaker than that for optical model potentials for protons. The “self-binding energy,” a lowering of the energy of a SP state as it fills, plays an important role; its magnitude is determined and an empirical expression for it is given. Special neutron-proton interactions must be taken into account in a few cases. The spin-orbit potential seems to be of the form f(r)σ⋅l where f(r) = r⁻¹dV∕dr; a volume or a simple surface force are excluded. The explicit l-dependence of SP energies is much less than that commonly used, and indicates that the potential is much closer to an oscillator than to a square well in shape. The spacings between major shells require a velocity dependent potential corresponding to an effective mass of 1.3 times the nucleon mass. The shift of SP energies with A indicates that the well gets shallower with increasing A; the depth change is about 5.8 MeV from Ca to Pb. Locations of neutron giant resonances are estimated.

Select this Article		Foundations of Special Relativity and the Shape of the Big Dipper Arthur Komar American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1024 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The foundations of the special theory of relativity are examined in a new form which is more in keeping with the space-time symmetry of the resulting theory, and which employs those concepts which are most directly related to actual observation. The transformation group to which one is immediately led is the conformal mappings of the two-sphere, which, as is well known, is isomorphic to the homogeneous improper orthochronous Lorentz group. In order to obtain extensions to the Poincare group and/or the Einstein group of general relativity, additional assumptions are required.

Select this Article		Quantitative Study of Linear Momentum in Two Dimensions by Means of Pucks Operated on a Rectangular Air Table Helen H. Webb American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1027 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The construction and operation of a two-dimensional air-table that yields quantitative linear momentum data are described. The air cushion is provided by running compressed air into a rectangular box whose top surface is perforated with many small holes on the intersections of an illustrated rectangular grid. The data are obtained by arranging that a trace of the motion of each puck is made on a sheet of paraffined paper by a 1∕60-sec spark timer. The apparatus makes possible the quantitative study of the conservation of linear momentum in two dimensions. These air tables have been used in the elementary physics laboratories at The Pennsylvania State University since the fall of 1962.

Select this Article		Simplified Experiment Demonstrating Interstitial Diffusion in Alpha Iron A. J. Mortlock American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1033 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An experiment is described which demonstrates the diffusion of interstitial impurities in alpha iron. It consists in the measurement of the logarithmic decrement of the oscillatory motion of a torsional pendulum utilizing a commercially available iron suspension wire of high purity. From the results obtained over a conveniently small temperature range, the activation energy for diffusion of the predominant impurity—nitrogen—can be found. This energy agrees favorably with earlier determinations made over a much wider temperature range using iron wire with specially introduced impurities.

Select this Article		Experimental Study of Multiple-Choice and Essay Tests. I Haym Kruglak American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1036 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Two teacher-made tests dealing with physics terminology were constructed and administered to four groups of students in two general physics courses. Each test consisted of an essay and multiple-choice part. Test reliabilities tended to be higher for the essay parts. The grader reliabilities of the essay parts were high, but there were significant differences between the mean grades by two instructors. The correlation coefficients between the test scores and total course achievement were moderately high. The correlations tended to be higher for the multiple-choice tests. It was tentatively concluded that (1) multiple-choice and essay tests on definitions had low to moderate correlations with each other and (2) multiple-choice tests of physics definitions were fair to good predictors of achievement in general college physics.

Select this Article		Compton-Scattering Experiment using Low-Activity Gamma-Ray Sources R. H. Chow and J. S. Herold American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1042 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An experiment on Compton scattering of gamma rays using low-activity gamma-ray sources usually requires a multichannel pulse-height analyzer if the experiment is to be completed within a reasonable length of time. Herein is described a method not requiring such an analyzer, yet permitting the use of a radioactive source of such low activity as to be available license free. The experiment is within the scope of colleges only modestly equipped. The technique is not restricted to Compton scattering only, but may be used generally for nuclear spectroscopy studies.

Select this Article		New Physical Sciences Lecture Hall Harvey E. White American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1050 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new and unique type of science lecture hall has been constructed on the Berkeley Campus of the University of California. Known as the “Physical Sciences Lecture Hall” this facility seating 550 students incorporates a large rotating stage and closed-circuit television. The rotating stage 40 ft in diameter has three complete lecture-room fronts, in the form of an equilateral triangle, and each has all laboratory utilities permanently connected to all lecture tables. The stage permits full demonstration lectures to be given every hour of the day. Sixteen TV picture tubes, suspended by hoists from the ceiling, and two vidicon TV cameras, one operated by the instructor and the other by remote control, make all lecture room demonstrations and activities visible to everyone.

Select this Article		Observation of the Precession of the Spin Axis Relative to the Body Axes of a Rotating Body Michael W. Retsky American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1047 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A method is described for observing the precession of the spin axis relative to the body axes of a rotating steel ball. The ball is magnetized and is made to spin at 2000 rps in a shaped air column. A sensing coil detects any change in the axis about which the ball spins. The observed precessional frequency must be analyzed statistically and the statistical variation is discussed. Several other related experiments are presented.

Select this Article		Rutherford Scattering Apparatus for Laboratory and Lecture Demonstration Richard H. Lindsay, David H. Ehlers, and Raymond R. McLeod American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1055 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A relatively inexpensive scattering chamber and associated apparatus for performing the Rutherford scattering experiment in laboratory and lecture demonstrations is described. Typical data from a 30-min lecture demonstration is discussed. Features of the apparatus include a silicon surface barrier detector, externally controlled angle settings, and the applicability of the apparatus to a number of experiments for the undergraduate.

Select this Article		Sources for Half-Life Experiments Julius H. Taylor and Andrea P. West American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1061 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Student results of several laboratory experiments of half-lives of one-, two-, and three-component systems are analyzed. The work is presented for its pedagogical value to teachers of radioisotope techniques.

Select this Article		Ejection of Atoms from Metallic Single Crystals R. L. Cunningham and Joyce Ng-Yelim American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1064 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The unique characteristics of experimental data obtained from the directional ejection of atoms from metallic single crystals subjected to ion bombardment are discussed. The advantages, for instructional purposes, are outlined. Simple experiments are described that are designed to give the beginner in crystallography a working familiarity with (1) crystal directions, (2) techniques for orientation determinations, and (3) anisotropic characteristics of crystals. All experiments described may be performed with simple and inexpensive equipment.

Select this Article		Faraday Effect in a Plasma W. S. Porter and E. M. Bock, Jr. American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1070 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A treatment of the Faraday effect in an anisotropic plasma is presented. The plasma is treated as a fluid in which collisions may occur. Relations are derived for the rotation of the plane of polarization and the ellipticity of the electromagnetic wave in terms of parameters associated with the plasma.

Select this Article		Dialogue on Statements and Mis-Statements About Energy H. L. Armstrong American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1074 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Some statements commonly seen about energy and its conservation are criticized as being loose, misleading, and useless. In particular, it is argued that any discussion which seems to put energy into the category of substance must be suspected.

Select this Article		Inverted Pendulum Leon Blitzer American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1076 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The equations of motion for the driven inverted compound pendulum are derived from elementary principles. Detailed attention is given to the steady-state motion of the pendulum driven horizontally in a sinusoidal fashion.

Select this Article		Elementary Study of Impulsive Forces Fred Jeffers and Jack A. Soules American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1079 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A useful teaching experiment on impulsive forces is described in which ball bearings are dropped onto a block of hard rubber. A simple analysis shows that a sizable velocity-dependent force comes into play when the ball strikes the rubber. The data obtained in this experiment are reproducible within ±3% and the analysis is easily understood by the beginning physics student. The experiment dramatically illustrates that impulsive forces are large and that they may be quite complicated.

Select this Article		Simple Classroom Demonstration of Lenz's Law and the ac Induction Motor P. W. Matthews American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1082 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Laws of Reflection and Refraction: Photon Flux J. D. Nightingale American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1082 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Anomalous Acoustic Medium William A. Shapiro American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1083 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Time Evolution Operator for the Harmonic Oscillator Laurent A. Beauregard American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1084 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Seal-Off Phenomenon in Pyrex Capillary Tubes A. R. Tynes American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1084 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Simple Demonstration of the Retinal Evidence Involved in Distance Perception Frank Oppenheimer American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1085 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Comments on “Low-Cost Fabry-Perot Interferometers” F. M. Phelps, III American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1088 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Comments on “Construction and Use of a Fabry-Perot Interferometer” F. M. Phelps, III American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1088 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Low-Cost Fabry-Perot Interferometers H. W. Wilson American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1090 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Low-Cost Liquid Nitrogen Container M. C. Martin and K. F. Welton American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1090 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Laboratory Report Allen L. King American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1090 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article		Erratum: Asymptotic Behavior of Scattered Waves [Am. J. Phys. 33, 552 (1965)] Ralph Roskies American Journal of Physics -- December 1965 -- Volume 33, Issue 12, pp. 1091 Online Publication Date: Jul 2005 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable