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Dec 2010

Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1237-1436

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American Association of Physics Teachers: Summer 2010 Award Citations—Portland, Oregon

Alex Dickison

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1237

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01.10.-m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
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Resource Letter PTG-1: Precision Tests of Gravity

Clifford M. Will

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1240

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This Resource Letter provides an introduction to some of the main current topics in experimental tests of general relativity as well as to some of the historical literature. It is intended to serve as a guide to the field for upper-division undergraduate and graduate students, both theoretical and experimental, and for workers in other fields of physics who wish learn about experimental gravity. The topics covered include alternative theories of gravity, tests of the principle of equivalence, solar-system and binary-pulsar tests, searches for new physics in gravitational arenas, and tests of gravity in new regimes, involving astrophysics and gravitational radiation.
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01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
04.00.00 General relativity and gravitation

Investigating thin film interference with a digital camera

Leslie J. Atkins and Richard C. Elliott

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1248

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Thin film interference is discussed in most introductory physics courses as an intriguing example of wave interference. Although students may understand the interference mechanism that determines the colors of a film, they are likely to have difficulty understanding why soap bubbles and oil slicks have a distinctive set of colors—colors that are strikingly different from those present in the rainbow. This article describes a way to model these colors and a simple method for investigating them using a digital camera and a computer.
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
42.00.00 Optics

Apparent shape of a swimming pool

Kenneth S. Mendelson

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1254

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The apparent depth of a pool depends on the angle between the normal to the pool surface and the ray that reaches the observer’s eye. For small angles, the ratio of apparent to actual depth is 1/n, where n is the index of refraction of the water. As the angle increases, the image of a point on the bottom becomes astigmatic giving rise to two principal images. For both images, the apparent depth becomes smaller as the angle becomes larger. I show that the appearance of a typical gymnasium pool is significantly different depending on whether the observer is standing at the shallow or the deep end of the pool. In either case, one of the principal astigmatic images will be much more apparent than the other.
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42.00.00 Optics

Bringing science policy into the optics classroom: Solid state lighting and United States lighting standards

Shannon K. Mayer

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1258 | Cited 1 time

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The challenges associated with the development of innovative energy efficient technology require a new generation of skilled and creative scientists and engineers. Moreover, it is vital that they possess the ability to communicate their expertise to the general public and to serve as advisors and participants in the development of science policy. This paper describes a curriculum for a course in optics that investigates the physical principles and policy aspects of solid state lighting. Recent legislation places stringent efficiency and reliability requirements on lighting, promoting the development of new commercial lighting options. The physics of solid state lighting fits naturally into the undergraduate optics curriculum, and the policy aspects provide students with an engaging connection between science and society.
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01.75.+m Science and society
42.00.00 Optics

Design principles for effective physics instruction: A case from physics and everyday thinking

Fred Goldberg, Valerie Otero, and Stephen Robinson

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1265

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Although several successful inquiry-based physics and physical science curricula have been developed, little has been published that describes the development of these curricula in terms of their basic design principles. We describe the research-based design principles used in the development of one such curriculum and how these principles are reflected in its pedagogical structure. A case study drawn from an early pilot implementation illustrates how the design principles play out in a practical classroom setting. Extensive evaluation has shown that this curriculum enhances students’ conceptual understanding and improves students’ attitudes about science.
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01.40.Fk Research in physics education

What Brown saw and you can too

Philip Pearle, Brian Collett, Kenneth Bart, David Bilderback, Dara Newman, and Scott Samuels

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1278 | Cited 1 time

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A discussion of Robert Brown’s original observations of particles ejected by pollen of the plant Clarkia pulchella undergoing what is now called Brownian motion is given. We consider the nature of those particles and how he misinterpreted the Airy disk of the smallest particles to be universal organic building blocks. Relevant qualitative and quantitative investigations with a modern microscope and with a “homemade” single lens microscope similar to Brown’s are presented.
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems
87.00.00 Biological and medical physics

Exponential growth of bacteria: Constant multiplication through division

Stephen J. Hagen

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1290

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The growth of a bacterial culture is one of the most familiar examples of exponential growth, with important consequences in biology and medicine. Bacterial growth involves more than just a rate constant. To sustain exponential growth, the cell must carefully coordinate the accumulation of mass, constant replication of the chromosome, and physical division. Hence, the growth rate is centrally important in any physical and chemical description of a bacterial cell. These aspects of bacterial growth can be described by empirical laws that suggest simple and intuitive models. Therefore, a quantitative discussion of bacterial growth could be a part of any undergraduate biophysics course. We present a general overview of some classic experimental studies and mathematical models of bacterial growth from a mostly physical perspective.
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87.00.00 Biological and medical physics

A low cost, modular, and physiologically inspired electronic neuron

J. D. Sitt, F. Campetella, and J. Aliaga

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1297

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We describe a low cost design of an electronic neuron, which is designed to represent the dynamical properties of the membrane potential of biological neurons by modeling the states of the membrane channels. This electronic neuron can be used to study the nonlinear properties of the membrane voltage dynamics and to develop and analyze small neuronal circuits using electronic neurons as building blocks.
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
84.00.00 Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology; direct energy conversion and storage
87.00.00 Biological and medical physics

An experiment on the velocity distribution of thermionic electrons

Onofrio Rosario Battaglia, Claudio Fazio, Ivan Guastella, and Rosa Maria Sperandeo-Mineo

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1302 | Cited 1 time

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This paper describes an undergraduate experiment that yields the velocity distribution of thermionic electrons by analyzing the I-V characteristics of diodes and triodes. The experiment allows students to focus on the distribution function more than on difficulties arising from the complexity of thermionic emission. By using a simple model, the velocity distribution of thermionic electrons emitted by the vacuum tube cathode can be described by Maxwell’s distribution.
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems

Why are the values of the surface tension of most organic liquids similar?

Edward Bormashenko

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1309

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The values of the surface tension of most organic liquids are of the same order of magnitude. The explanation is that surface tension is governed by London dispersion forces, which are independent of the permanent dipole moment of the molecules. The surface tension of organic liquids (with the exception of polymers and polymer solutions) depends on the ionization potential and the diameter of the molecule only. These parameters vary slightly for organic liquids.
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68.00.00 Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and nanosystems (structure and nonelectronic properties)

Cooling balloons with liquid nitrogen

A. J. Moreno, H. Ferrari, and V. Bekeris

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1312

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We present an undergraduate level experiment in which the radius of a rubber balloon is measured as it is cooled with liquid nitrogen. For balloons filled with simple gases that condense at liquid nitrogen temperatures, we found that the volume decreases linearly with time. We compared our measurements with a simplified model based on elementary kinetic theory and thermodynamics that explains this behavior. Students are encouraged to test the validity of the model by repeating the experiment using gas mixtures and gases that do not condense at liquid nitrogen temperatures.
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems

Fixed volume versus fixed pressure liquid-vapor transition

D. Calecki, D. Lederer, B. Roulet, B. Diu, and C. Guthmann

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1316 | Cited 1 time

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We consider the equilibrium conditions for nucleation at the liquid-vapor transition at fixed volume in contrast to the traditional fixed pressure treatment. Significant differences appear, particularly for the stability of the diphasic states, which strongly depends on the external conditions.
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05.70.-a Thermodynamics

Energy conservation in collective coherent emission by dipole oscillators

P. R. Berman

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1323 | Cited 1 time

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Coherent emission from two or more classical damped oscillators leads to an apparent violation of conservation of energy if the oscillators are assumed to emit independently. To resolve this apparent paradox, it is necessary to include effects related to cooperative decay, wherein each oscillator modifies the damping rate of the other oscillators. We show how these effects are included for two radiating oscillators and for a line of N oscillators. The relation between cooperative decay, optical coherent transients, and superradiance is discussed.
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42.00.00 Optics
47.00.00 Fluid dynamics

The Boltzmann probability as a unifying approach to different phenomena

Onofrio Rosario Battaglia, Ivan Guastella, and Claudio Fazio

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1331

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We discuss a pedagogical approach to the role of the Boltzmann probability in describing the temperature dependence of three simple experimental situations. The approach has been experimented in an introductory course on statistical mechanics for undergraduate engineering students at University of Palermo.
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05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems

Charged radial infall for spherical central bodies

J. Franklin and F. Morton-Park

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1336

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A massive, charged, spherical body can be neutralized by attracting particles of opposite charge. We calculate the time it takes to neutralize such a body using Newtonian and relativistic mechanics and the “forced” trajectories of general relativity. We compare the classical and (special) relativistic times and find that the special relativistic neutralization time is longer. A comparison of these times with the general relativistic result is not as direct. We offer the final calculation as a demonstration of dynamics in the general relativistic setting, highlighting the structural similarity of this problem with the other two cases.
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03.30.+p Special relativity
05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems
47.00.00 Fluid dynamics

The quantum Gaussian well

Saikat Nandi

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1341 | Cited 2 times

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Different features of a potential in the form of a Gaussian well have been discussed extensively. Although the details of the calculation are involved, the general approach uses a variational method and WKB approximation, techniques that should be familiar to advanced undergraduates. A numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation through diagonalization has been developed in a self-contained way, and physical applications of the potential are mentioned.
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03.65.-w Quantum mechanics

Linear transformation method for multinuclide decay calculation

Ding Yuan

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1346 | Cited 1 time

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A linear transformation method for generic multinuclide decay calculations is presented together with its properties and implications. The method takes advantage of the linear form of the decay solution N(t) = F(t)N0, where N(t) is a column vector that represents the numbers of atoms of the radioactive nuclides in the decay chain, N0 is the initial value vector of N(t), and F(t) is a lower triangular matrix whose time-dependent elements are independent of the initial values of the system.
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20.00.00 NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Smooth double barriers in quantum mechanics

Avik Dutt and Sayan Kar

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1352 | Cited 2 times

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Quantum mechanical tunneling across smooth double barrier potentials is modeled using Gaussian functions and is analyzed numerically and by using the WKB approximation. The transmission probability, resonances as a function of incident particle energy, and their dependence on the barrier parameters are obtained for various cases. We also discuss the tunneling time, for which we obtain generalizations of the known results for rectangular barriers.
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03.65.-w Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics with uniform forces

Mark Andrews

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1361

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For a nonrelativistic particle acted on by a spatially uniform but possibly time-dependent force, or for a harmonic oscillator also subject to such a uniform force, the wave function differs from that without the force only by a spatial displacement and a phase factor. The shifts in position and phase are simply derived from a solution of the classical equations of motion.
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03.65.-w Quantum mechanics

Unusual commutation relations in physics

André Nauts and Fabien Gatti

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1365 | Cited 1 time

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The angular momentum operator math of a particle obeys the usual commutation rule math×math = iℏmath. In contrast, the total angular momentum operator math of a set of particles relative to moving axes (as, for instance, when mounted on a tumbling molecule) obeys the anomalous commutation rule math×math = −iℏmath. We give a pedagogical and mathematically nonsophisticated description of intermediate cases for which partial angular momentum operators, relative to various moving frames, obey unusual commutation relations that are neither usual nor anomalous. Insight into the origin of these unusual commutation relations provides a means of guessing the type of commutation rule that will be obeyed. In particular, it gives a way to avoid, as far as possible, the unusual commutation relations, which lead to complicated and nonsystematic expressions. Some examples from molecular physics are presented.
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03.65.-w Quantum mechanics
30.00.00 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Isotropic scaling law of the electrical capacitance

A. García-Valenzuela and A. Guadarrama-Santana

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1376

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We give a simple proof that the electrical capacitance is proportional to an isotropic scaling factor regardless of the shape of the electrodes and of the spatial distribution of electric permittivity around them.
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41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics

Periodic lattices in Minkowski space

A. D. Boozer

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1379

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We describe a set of periodic lattices in (1+1)-dimensional Minkowski space, where each lattice has an associated symmetry group consisting of inhomogeneous Lorentz transformations that map the lattice onto itself. Our results show how ideas of crystal structure in Euclidean space generalize to Minkowski space and provide an example that illustrates basic concepts of spacetime symmetry.
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03.30.+p Special relativity

Čerenkov radiation through the Hamiltonian approach

Nada Razpet and Andrej Likar

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1384 | Cited 1 time

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A calculation of the radiated power and magnetic field of Čerenkov radiation using the Hamiltonian approach is presented. We use this approach to show explicitly how the Čerenkov cone appears in the limit of long times. The Hamiltonian approach is well suited for studying the formation of the cone at the very beginning of the process using numerical integration. The topic is appropriate for advanced courses on electromagnetic fields and in introductory courses on quantum electrodynamics.
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41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics

Magnetic black box

Amin Rezaeezadeh

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1393 | Cited 1 time

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This paper introduces an experiment involving two identical small dipole magnets. One is hidden with arbitrary orientation in a black box. The second is suspended on a string above the box. By studying the horizontal and vertical oscillations of the suspended magnet, it is possible to determine the magnetic moment and the orientation of the hidden magnet, and the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field.
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics

More physics in the laundromat

Mark Denny

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1397

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The physics of a washing machine spin cycle is extended to include the spin-up and spin-down phases. We show that, for realistic parameters, an adiabatic approximation applies, and thus the familiar forced, damped harmonic oscillator analysis can be applied to these phases.
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47.00.00 Fluid dynamics

Solving the brachistochrone and other variational problems with soap films

C. Criado and N. Alamo

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1400

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We solve the problem of the brachistochrone and other variational problems with the help of the soap films that are formed between two suitable surfaces. We also discuss the connection between some variational problems of dynamics, statics, optics, and elasticity.
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01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
47.00.00 Fluid dynamics

Analytical solution of curvilinear motion on an inclined plane

V. M. Shunyakov and L. V. Lavrik

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1406

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The problem of rectilinear motion of a body on an inclined plane is well known, but attempts to generalize this problem to two dimensions lead to difficulties, in particular, finding the trajectory of a body under the influence of two forces. We offer a general method for solving this problem. The method introduces a new auxiliary independent variable instead of time and a variable oblique-angle basis replaces a rectangular one. An analogy is shown between curvilinear motion on an inclined plane and the pursuit problem.
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47.00.00 Fluid dynamics
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Students’ difficulties with tension in massless strings

S. Flores-García, L. L. Alfaro-Avena, J. E. Chávez-Pierce, J. Luna-González, and M. D. González-Quezada

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1412

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Many students enrolled in introductory mechanics courses have difficulties with understanding the concept of static equilibrium. Some of these difficulties are related to the concept of force in the context of tension in massless strings. We identify three kinds of misconceptions: Students’ beliefs that the angle of the string and proximity to the object are related to the tension. Students also use incorrect compensation arguments to reason about situations where both the angle and proximity change simultaneously. These difficulties were identified during investigations conducted in laboratory and lecture sessions at three universities in the United States and Mexico.
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01.40.Fk Research in physics education
47.00.00 Fluid dynamics
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More about the falling raindrop

Carl E. Mungan

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1421 | Cited 1 time

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A simple strategy is presented for solving the “inverse rocket” problem of a particle accumulating material from a medium through which it falls vertically. Some forms of drag can also be easily included, thereby changing the constant acceleration to a more realistic value.
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47.00.00 Fluid dynamics

Erratum: “A hands-on introduction to single photons and quantum mechanics for undergraduates” [ Am. J. Phys. 78 (5), 471–484 (2010) ]

Brett J. Pearson and David P. Jackson

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1422 | Cited 1 time

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Abstract Unavailable
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
03.65.-w Quantum mechanics

Comment on “On the classical analysis of spin-orbit coupling in hydrogenlike atoms,” by A. L. Kholmetskii, O. V. Missevitch, and T. Yarman [Am. J. Phys. 78 (4), 428–432 (2010)]

David C. Lush

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1422 | Cited 1 time

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Abstract Unavailable
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30.00.00 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics

Reply to “Comment on ‘On the classical analysis of spin-orbit coupling in hydrogenlike atoms,’ ” by D. C. Lush [Am. J. Phys. 78 (12), 1422 (2010)]

A. L. Kholmetskii, O. V. Missevitch, and T. Yarman

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1423

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Abstract Unavailable
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30.00.00 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics
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A digital oscilloscope setup for the measurement of a transistor’s characteristic curves

Pierre de Buyl

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1425

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Measuring the I-V characteristics of a transistor constitutes an important step in an introductory electronics course. We demonstrate the use of a digital oscilloscope with a USB connection to perform a measurement of the characteristic curves with no additional custom circuitry. The setup is presented alongside the open-source software that allows the signal acquisition and analysis of the results.
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
84.00.00 Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology; direct energy conversion and storage

A simple experiment for measuring bar longitudinal and flexural vibration frequencies

S. Velasco, F. L. Román, and J. A. White

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1429

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The sound wave in a cylindrical steel bar, generated by a light tap on one of its ends, is recorded by a microphone located near the other end. A sound analysis software is used to obtain the resonance spectrum of the bar. Longitudinal and flexural vibration frequencies are obtained from the peaks of the spectrum. The speed of sound, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of steel are obtained.
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01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
43.00.00 Acoustics
46.00.00 Continuum mechanics of solids

New experimental method of visualizing the electric field due to surface charges on circuit elements

Rebecca Jacobs, Alex de Salazar, and Antonio Nassar

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1432 | Cited 1 time

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Although static surface charges on circuit elements are of enormous interest, recent papers and textbooks have only discussed the problem theoretically using analytical or numerical approaches. The only well-known experimental method to visualize the structure of electric fields around circuit elements was reported by Jefimenko almost half a century ago. In our paper, we report on a simple method to visualize the electric field produced by static surface charges on current-carrying circuit elements. Our method uses a mixture of PTFE (Teflon) sealant and mineral oil, a copper wire placed in the mixture’s container, and two 6 kV power supplies. We believe that our new method can be used directly in the classroom.
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01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics

Use of cellophane and similar materials as replacement for crystals in demonstration of conoscopic pictures

Benjamin S. Perkalskis

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1434

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Abstract Unavailable
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01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
42.00.00 Optics
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Quantum Aspects of Life

D. Abbott, P. C. W. Davies, A. K. Pati, editors, and Vlatko Vedral, Reviewer, Reviewer

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1435

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Abstract Unavailable
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01.30.Vv Book reviews
03.65.-w Quantum mechanics
87.00.00 Biological and medical physics

BOOKS RECEIVED

American Journal of Physics -- December 2010 -- Volume 78, Issue 12, pp. 1436

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